Trauma is often the result of an overwhelming amount of stress from a situation that exceeds one’s ability to cope, such as the death of a loved one, the end of a meaningful relationship, or the rejection of a loved one. Do you pretend that everything is good when it really isn’t? When you don’t have a positive and healthy way of dealing with your trauma, you end up repressing your negative emotions. It can be hard to recognize unresolved trauma on the surface, especially within ourselves.

Credits:
Writer: Chloe Avenasa
Script Editor: Rida Batool & Kelly Soong
VO: Amanda Silvera
Animation: Evelvaii
YouTube Manager: Cindy Cheong
Special thanks: Andrea Yang

References:
Herman, J. L. (1998). Recovery from psychological trauma. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 52(S1), S98-S103.
Stanculescu, E. (2013). University students’ fear of success from the perspective of positive psychology. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 78, 728-732.
Bower, G. H., & Sivers, H. (1998). Cognitive impact of traumatic events. Development and psychopathology, 10(4), 625-653.
Low, G., Jones, D., MacLeod, A., Power, M., & Duggan, C. (2000). Childhood trauma, dissociation and self‐harming behaviour: A pilot study. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73(2), 269-278.
David, M., Ceschi, G., Billieux, J., & Van der Linden, M. (2008). Depressive symptoms after trauma: is self-esteem a mediating factor?. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(10), 735-742.
American Psychological Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th Edition. Washington, DC; APA Publishing.

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What does it mean to have a “trauma bond” with someone? Trauma bonding refers to the deep emotional attachment one might feel towards their abuser, and it’s more likely to develop in those who have a history of abuse, exploitation, or emotional codependency in their past relationships. Regardless of whether the relationship is romantic, platonic, or familial in nature, trauma bonds can easily be mistaken for feelings of love and commitment towards another person. So we made this video to help you understand the difference of trauma bonding and true love.

If you related to this video and want to learn more about narcissism in relationships, we have a video on the signs you may be dating a narcissist: https://youtu.be/VbO-cXBImtM

Writer: Chloe Avenasa
Script Editor: Vanessa Tao
Script Manager: Kelly Soong
Voice: Amanda Silvera (www.youtube.com/amandasilvera)
Animator: Hannah Roldan
YouTube Manager: Cindy Cheong

References:
Hadeed, L. (2021). Why Women Stay: Understanding the Trauma Bond Between Victim and Abuser Case Studies Were Written. In Gender and Domestic Violence in the Caribbean (pp. 195-207). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Unthank, K. W. (2019). How self-blame empowers and disempowers survivors of interpersonal trauma: An intuitive inquiry. Qualitative Psychology, 6(3), 359.
Renn, P. (2006). Attachment, trauma and violence: understanding destructiveness from an attachment theory perspective. Aggression and Destructiveness: Psychoanalytic Perspectives. London: Routledge.
Ahmad, A., Aziz, M., Anjum, G., & Mir, F. V. (2018). Intimate partner violence and psychological distress: Mediating role of Stockholm syndrome. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 541-557.
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This video answers the questions: Can I analyze a presentation example involving trauma bonding? Can narcissism exposure lead to trauma bonding?
Narcissism:

There are two types of narcissism: With grandiose narcissism we see characteristics like being extroverted, socially bold, self-confident, having a superficial charm, being resistant to criticism, and being callous and unemotional. Vulnerable narcissism is characterized by shame, anger, aggression, hypersensitivity, a tendency to be introverted, defensive, avoidant, anxious, depressed, socially awkward, and shy.

Psychopathy:

There are two types of psychopathy: Factor 1 (primary, interpersonal affective) and Factor 2 (lifestyle, antisocial) psychopathy. Factor 1 psychopathy has characteristics like grandiosity, pathological lying, manipulation, a superficial charm, callous, unemotional, low neuroticism and lack of guilt or remorse. Factor 2 psychopathy has a parasitic lifestyle, being prone to boredom, sensation seeking, impulsivity, irresponsibility, a failure to have long term goals, poor behavioral controls, and criminal versatility.

Borderline Personality Disorder:

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), we see nine symptom criteria for borderline personality disorder and five have to be met for a diagnosis. The symptom criteria include frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, unstable relationships, identity disturbance, impulsivity in two areas that are potentially self-damaging, suicidal behavior, affective instability, chronic feelings of emptiness, inappropriate or intense anger or difficulty controlling anger, and paranoid ideation or dissociation. Borderline personality disorder is a Cluster B personality disorder, so it’s in the same cluster is antisocial, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders.

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